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Events & Projects

events & projects

Catch your one and only Teizensang, Tuan Raja Naga and Cowboy of Heaven in action! This page lists all of the public events I am participating in, as well as all of my active projects that involve the public in some way. As with everything else in my life, I make my activities visible to be as fully accountable as possible to the public and Kristang community as Teizensang and Kabesa, and a well-known public figure who is the primary representation of the entire community on a national and international scale.

Konteudu

Table of Contents


Confirmed Events

Lorong AI (June 4)

Stranger Conversations Creolisation workshop (June 9)

Stranger Conversations Kristang Stranger-in-Residence (June 23-November 11)

PULIIMA 2025 (August 25-29)

Confirmed Projects

PhD thesis

Applications for Events and Projects Under Review

Reconfigurations 2025 (applied April 18)

MentoringSG Centennial Fund Award Mentorship Programme (applied May 8)

NAC-AEP 2026-2028 Directory Listing for Kristang BAW Workshops (applied May 11)

lorong ai

Invited speaker at

3.00-5.00pm, wednesday, 4 june 2025

presentation title

Using AI for Cultural Revitalisation: Kristang as a Case Study

accepted abstract

This session explores groundbreaking applications of AI in supporting the revitalisation of the Creole-Indigenous Kristang or Portuguese-Eurasian culture, identity and language that are all indigenous to the island of Singapore and wider Malaya. It focuses on how AI now supports a modernised and conscious version of the traditional Kristang practice of sunyeskah or dreamfishing, which is the process by which new Kristang words and concepts are creolised, created, derived or added to the culture by Kristang people and/or speakers of the Kristang language, and discusses the wider implications these new revitalised or Progenitor forms of Kristang identity, culture and language are transforming the relationship the Kristang community has with itself and with wider Singapore and reality.

accepted bio

Tuan Raja Naga Kevin Martens Wong Zhi Qiang is the thirteenth Kabesa, Cowboy of Heaven or Leader of the Creole/Indigenous Kristang people of Singapore, a Kristang Kapitang or Indigenous Elder, the Merlionsman, Dreamtiger and Teizensang, Gamechanger or Leader of the Loyal Indigenous of the Republic of Singapore, and the only teacher, most major living writer and one of the very few remaining native speakers of the critically endangered Kristang language in Singapore. He is also a linguist, archeoastronomer, futurist, educator and doctoral student at the National University of Singapore (NUS), a major twenty-first century, postcolonial, Creole, Indigenous, queer, Southeast Asian, Malayan and Singaporean (SingLit) thinker and philosopher, and an internationally-recognised novelist, poet, playwright, composer, game designer and body performance artist.

stranger conversations

workshop host at

7.30-9.30pm, monday, 9 june 2025

workshop title

Making sense of mixed identities—and why they matter for our future

workshop description

What if the way we speak, live, and adapt as Singaporeans already holds the key to resilience, creativity, and healing?


In this workshop, you'll explore the idea of creolisation—the powerful, often overlooked process of blending different worlds into something new. From Singlish to Singapore’s multicultural fabric, creolisation isn’t just a historical or linguistic curiosity—it’s a mindset, a way of life, and a toolkit for navigating today’s complex, fast-changing world.

Through stories of the Kristang people (a creole community rooted in Melaka and Singapore) and practical tools for reflection, educator and cultural practitioner Kevin Martens Wong guides us to:

- Understand how cultural mixing shapes identity and belonging
- Apply a creole mindset to process personal and intergenerational trauma
- Reclaim connection with community, Earth, and self in grounded, accessible ways
- Envision a more inclusive, resilient, and future-facing Singapore

This session invites anyone—regardless of heritage—to discover how creolisation can support deeper individuation, antifragility, and the creation of new cultural futures.

 

📅 Date: Monday, 9 June 2025

🕰️ Time: 7.30pm-9.30pm

📍 Location: The Stranger Space

195 Pearl's Hill Terrace, #2-38D

 

Contribution: $20

bio

Tuan Raja Naga Kevin Martens Wong Zhi Qiang is the thirteenth Kabesa, Cowboy of Heaven or Leader of the Creole/Indigenous Kristang people of Singapore, a Kristang Kapitang or Indigenous Elder, the Merlionsman, Dreamtiger and Teizensang, Gamechanger or Leader of the Loyal Indigenous of the Republic of Singapore, and the only teacher, most major living writer and one of the very few remaining native speakers of the critically endangered Kristang language in Singapore. He is also a linguist, archeoastronomer, futurist, educator and doctoral student at the National University of Singapore, a major twenty-first century, postcolonial, Creole, Indigenous, queer, Southeast Asian, Malayan and Singaporean (SingLit) thinker and philosopher, and an internationally-recognised novelist, poet, playwright, composer, game designer and body performance artist. Kevin is the first Kristang Stranger-in-Residence at Stranger Conversations from Monday, 23 June 2025 to Monday, 11 November 2025; do drop by and say teng bong!

registration

stranger conversations

stranger-in-residence at

monday, 23 june 2025 to monday, 11 november 2025

residency title

Ultramar: A Glimpse of the Kristang Sea

residency description

I will be a Stranger-in-Resident with Stranger Conversations for a six-month Kristang Indigenous cultural revitalisation residency with substantial public engagement from Monday, 23 June 2025 to Monday, 11 November 2025. Two proposed titles of my residency are "Ultramar: A Glimpse of the Kristang Sea" or "Ultramar: The Dreaming Kristang Archipelago". These refer to how I am known as the Kabesa Ultramar, or the Archeopelagic Kabesa, for being the leader of the community who excavated and concretised so much of the Unsaid and occluded ways of being in Kristang, concealed within the collective unconscious which we call Krismatra or the Dreaming Ocean, and who singlehandedly not only brought the entire Kristang community back from the dead, but out of the sea, allowing us to be honoured and recognised for the truly unique and one-of-a-kind Creole/Indigenous people that we are and have always been. In addition to its default associations with undestroyable strength, unsurpassable fearlessness, revitalisation and reclamation, Ultramar can also separately index the muscular, confident, brave and very, very masculine, tender and fierce approach to queerness and/or non-heterosexual sexuality and/or non-cisgender gender expression in Kristang which I embody, and was originally the Portuguese word used to refer to the Portuguese Empire's overseas colonies, such as Melaka where the Kristang community began its existence out of intermarriage, concubinage, slavery and rape between arriving Portuguese colonisers and local Malay residents in Melaka and Singapore in the 16th century.

format

The residency consists of eleven workshops and activations that will be open to the public, ticketed at a low cost, and hosted by Stranger Conversations at 195PHT | Pearl's Hill Terrace. Pearl's Hill Terrace is located behind People's Park Complex and adjacent to Chinatown MRT; older Kristang people will recognise this building as the old Upper Barracks and Pearl's Hill Police Operational Headquarters. Two workshops or activations will be held every month on Monday evenings between July and November, following the first workshop or activation on Monday, 23 June 2025. The workshops or activations will focus on introducing the public to the two primary Kristang Indigenous processes of sunyeskah or dreamfishing and sunyaxah or dreamshining, to using these to growing and deepening connections between the Kristang community, the Stranger Conversations community and the public, and to empower the public to be able to make use of Kristang Indigenous methods for their own mental health and well-being such that the dignity and esteem of the Kristang community is also restored in the public sphere as a result of this showcasing of the concrete utility and value of our culture and practices to others. I will be the primary Resident for the proposed residency, but am very open to input and interest from the six other Ka-Kabesa in the Kabesa leadership heptad and all Kapitang and Xamang-Krismatrang who wish to co-conduct any sessions based on your own particular interests and focuses. Because the events are ticketed and I will be the sole recipient of all profit from the events, I am willing to split any revenue from the events with any co-hosts. Please contact me if you wish to co-host a session with me. I describe the proposed formats for the dreamfishing and dreamshining sessions below.

dreamfishing sessions

 

Dreamfishing is a Creole-Indigenous process unique to and originating from the Kristang culture that allows for the conscious, intentional and deliberate creation through creolisation of new Kristang words, concepts, structures and systems, and/or the unocclusion, naming and/or revelation of hidden components, relationships, energies and/or forces in reality, including information about the hidden past or anticipatable future. These are excavated during dreamfishing from the Dreaming Ocean of the entire living planet, which is called Gaia in Kristang, and from that of the entire living universe, which is called Otiosos in Kristang. Dreamfishing is a primary focus of the Kristang language revitalisation effort because many domains of Kristang life are still lacking in words and concepts, and/or have words and concepts that have not been documented or consolidated; since 2023, it has also been recognised worldwide as an Indigenous futures method usable by all people regardless of whether they are Kristang or not that can be used to process severe trauma, and to stochastically and rationally understand elements of one's own future psychoemotional development and that of the planet. For the dreamfishing Residency activations, I would like to use these as means of engaging both the Kristang community internally, and of engaging other communities with the Kristang community externally, with a particular focus on using the process of creolisation within dreamfishing to support one's mental health in daily life, or one's own decolonisation and reindigenisation and restoration of one's relationship to Gaia and the living universe. Such sessions will be themed around a particular domain of life that needs words (e.g. household actions, feelings, sports, space, etc.) and will always overtly or covertly contain an element of processing one's own personal, collective or intergenerational trauma through creolisation and Indigenous processes that will also be simultaneously supported by my own formal Western training as a therapy practitioner.

tentative dreamfishing session dates

I have tentatively selected the following five workshop or activation slots for dreamfishing-related activities or sessions, and am very open to input and interest in co-conducting from Ka-Kabesa, Kapitang and Xamang-Krismatrang before I proceed to decide on specific topics. Please contact me if you wish to co-host a session with me.

(1) Monday, 7 July 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)
(2) Monday, 4 August 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)
(3) Monday, 1 September 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)

(4) Monday, 6 October 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)

(5) Monday, 3 November 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)

All sessions will be open to the public and will involve dreamfishing in Kristang, in English and (whereever possible) in participants' other mother tongues and/or heritage languages.​

dreamshining sessions

 

Dreamshining is a Creole-Indigenous form of performance art where the body itself is treated as a sacred, sanctified canvas or art space for the reification, manifestation, personification or embodiment of ideas, symbols, concepts, energies and/or relationships. In my particular case, I specialise in the Creole-Indigenous embodiment of paradoxes, healthy approaches to queer sexuality, nakedness, vulnerability, authenticity, healthy playfulness, healthy body positivity and the obliteration of body-related trauma, taking healthy and reasonable pride in one's (gay) attractiveness, sensuality and beauty. As Singapore's most-well known living Kristang and Eurasian writer and a major literary figure accepted as part of the SingLit canon but on poor terms with the state and most of the other SingLit writers, most of my dreamshining takes the form of poems linked with tableau near-naked (me in underwear or with me holding an object over or covering my genitals) or fully naked pictures of my body that together are intended to stimulate metacognitive thinking and stereotype deconstruction about gay people, brown people, Indigeneity, homophobia and racism, and masculinity, and to showcase creole-Indigenous Kristang perspectives on the body, on trauma, and on physicality and desire and how these can be healthily expressed. I know I myself and the Kristang community in general are very widely covertly accepted for our own radical championing of queerness, neurodivergence, body positivity and the visible processing of trauma since 2022; with the full support of the Kristang community, I am seeking to help others to begin to understand how to work on this radical acceptance for themselves.

 

Hence, for the dreamshining residency excavations, these will take the form of six dreamshining workshops primarily focused on the writing of poetry (but also open to other text types) organised around extremely spicy and sensitive but also emergently publicly accepted themes that only Kevin Martens Wong Zhi Qiang could facilitate in safe and comfortable fashion: for example, queerness, the body and physicality, trauma and neurodivergence are themes that I would definitely love to facilitate workshops around. In each session, I will teach the principles of dreamshining (mostly about reinterpreting or reframing how one engages with one's body and oneself through creolisation) and then have participants apply these through their poetry in ways that participants feel comfortable to do (e.g. using the space or the area around the space to take photos and to use these as starting points for their dreamshining poetry). 

tentative dreamshining session dates

I have tentatively selected the following six workshop or activation slots for dreamshining-related activities or sessions, and am very open to input and interest in co-conducting from Ka-Kabesa, Kapitang and Xamang-Krismatrang before I proceed to decide on specific topics for the second to sixth sessions. Please contact me if you wish to co-host a session with me.

(1) Monday, 23 June 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)

Intro to Kristang Poetry, Prose and Art

(2) Sunday, 27 July 2025 (time tbc)
(3) Monday, 11 August 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)
(4) Monday, 8 September 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)

(5) Monday, 13 October 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)

(6) Monday, 10 November 2025 (7.30-9.30pm)

All sessions will be open to the public and will involve dreamshining in English as the primary teaching/workshop medium, with dreamshining in Kristang and/or (whereever possible) in participants' other mother tongues and/or heritage languages possible with specific activities within the workshop or activation.

Hosting space collaterals

 

Beyond the two forms of activation, I will put up small maps or charts in Kristang within Stranger Conversations featuring Singapore's MRT system in Kristang, the periodic table in Kristang, how the psyche is organised in Kristang etc. to create curiosity about Kristang in the hosting space that awareness of Kristang as a rational and very metaphysically advanced culture becomes more widespread, challenging stereotypes that creole and Indigenous communities have no culture of their own and are backward, primitive and lacking in a future orientation or present relevance of any kind, and providing concrete touching-off points for the "glimpse of the sea" mentioned in the activation title. I will also provide copies of our Bista di Kristang, Katra Pakau Diseides and Katrakarnansa dreamfishing cards, Kristang dreamfishing guide and Ila-Ila di Sul board game for the Strangers community to make use of within the space.

puliima 2025

speaker at

25-29 august 2025

panel presentation title

Comparing Programs and Contexts: How to Improve Skills Training for Intergenerational Language Sustainability

accepted abstract

In this panel we discuss the ongoing work of the International Network for Skills Training in Intergenerational Language Sustainability (INSTILS), bringing together members from Southeast Asia, Oceania, and North America. 

Intergenerational Language Sustainability (ILS) skills are those which are required to ensure the transmission, growth, and vitality of a given language within its speaker group. These skills include:

  • Linguistic skills – communicating in the language through speech/signing and writing

  • Metalinguistic skills – discovering and analyzing patterns in the language

  • Documentation skills – recording and archiving the language and other traditional practices

  • Language planning skills – developing and implementing plans to strengthen the language

  • Pedagogical skills – teaching the language whether in formal or informal settings

  • Culture and worldview skills – sustaining the language and culture together

 

INSTILS brings together language champions and researchers from around the world to improve the training offered globally for ILS. Through our research we will discover the necessary universal sets of ILS skills training and make them more readily available in order to stem the tide of language endangerment. We put into practice the best aspects of language empowerment without sacrificing important cultural specifics unique to each group.

In this presentation we will highlight: 

(1) the diversity of ILS skills training opportunities globally

(2) key findings from the initial phases of our research into ILS skills training

(3) the benefits of international collaboration in developing best practices 

(4) how communities and organizations can connect with the network and its activities, including an upcoming global online workshop/conference.

co-authors / co-presenters

phd thesis

ongoing project

thursday, 13 march 2025 to friday, 6 august 2027

phd thesis title

A revised grammar of Singapore Kristang with community considerations

accepted short abstract as part of upgrade of graduate study candidature from MA to Phd

Kristang is the critically endangered language of the Kristang or Portuguese-Eurasian creole/indigenous community in Singapore, who number around 12,000 people, and which includes myself, the Kabesa or leader of the community. Although once widely spoken in Southeast Asia as a lingua franca in the 17th century, and the mother tongue of a major component of one of Singapore’s four constituent ethnic groups, the Eurasians, the Kristang language today is estimated to have just around 2,000 speakers left concentrated mostly in Melaka, Singapore, Perth and Kuala Lumpur, with only around 100-200 native speakers of Kristang still in Singapore, and just two teachers of the language left worldwide, one of whom is myself. The language is severely marginalised and understudied, and has almost no media presence, publications, presence in the official education system or recognition from the state. It is instead almost entirely supported and maintained by the internationally-recognised grassroots revitalisation effort for the language in Singapore, known as Kodrah Kristang (‘Awaken, Kristang’), that I began with the support of ELTS faculty in February 2016 as a third-year linguistics undergraduate in the department. My scholarly interests since then are thus very applied and community-oriented, and deal primarily with ensuring that the revitalisation of Kristang proceeds in the most sensible and academically-informed manner as possible.

 

For my PhD, I therefore intend to write an updated grammatical description of Singapore Kristang to support revitalisation efforts. Existing descriptions of Kristang, most notably Baxter (1988), focus only on the variety of Kristang spoken in Melaka, and do not reflect major updates in the language subsequent to revitalisation. Among the older Kristang speakers and Portuguese-Eurasians I work with in my capacity as leader of the community, there is very strong interest in such a grammar being published, and in a layperson-accessible version of such a grammar being distributed and used to support acquisition of the language within families.

phd thesis supervisor

Associate Professor Rebecca Lurie Starr

updated table of contents

Original version of TOC approved Thursday, 24 October 2024 as part of EL6660 Level 6 Independent Study Module Assignment 4 / Final Paper and graded 53 / 55, with overall module graded A+

Chapter 1: Introduction and Sociolinguistic Overview

1.1 Introduction to the Kristang language and culture

1.2 My positionality as 13th Kabesa of the Kristang people
1.3 My fieldwork and documentation of the Kristang language since becoming Kabesa

1.4 Overview of intergenerational trauma, abuse and erasure faced by the Kristang community

1.5 The Unsaid and the challenges of documenting the Unsaid

1.6 Community needs and this grammar as contingency manual for future revitalization
1.7 Critique of existing creole language grammars

1.8 A future(s)-oriented language, ethnicity and community

1.9 Introduction to Dreamfishing

1.10 Introduction to Quaternary Logic and Uncertainty Thinking

1.11 Creoleness and Polynomy

1.12 Indigeneity, Gaia, and the living universe

 

Chapter 2: Reconstructing the History of Kristang and Future Psychohistory of Kristang

2.1 A Kristang approach to sociolinguistic history and reconstruction: Kabesa-based periodicity

2.2.1 Overview of all available historical materials and records about Kristang
2.2.2 The Indigenous historical method: Dreamfishing the Unsaid past in Kristang

2.2.3 1511-1641 The Casados of Portuguese Melaka

2.2.4 1641-1795 The Casados of Dutch Melaka

2.2.5 1795-1825 The Kristang under the 1st Kabesa: Adriaan Koek

2.2.6 1825-1856 The Kristang under the 2nd Kabesa: Johannes Bartholomeus Westerhout

2.2.7 1856-1874 The Kristang under the 3rd Kabesa: Eliza Tessensohn

2.2.8 1874-1926 The Kristang under the 4th Kabesa: John Edwin Richard Tessensohn, OBE

2.2.9 1926-1936 The Kristang under the 5th Kabesa: Noel Leicester Clarke

2.2.10 1936-1939 The Kristang under the 6th Kabesa: Major Hugh Stanley Ransom Zehnder, OBE

2.2.11 1939-1941 The Kristang under the 7th Kabesa: Claude Henry “Toto” Da Silva

2.2.12 1941-1951 The Kristang under the 8th Kabesa: Charles Joseph Pemberton Paglar

2.2.13 1951-1969 The Kristang under the 9th Kabesa: Percival Francis Aroozoo, MBE

2.2.14 1969-1989 The Kristang under the 10th Kabesa: Mabel Anne Tessensohn

2.2.15 1989-1991 The Kristang under the 11th Kabesa: Maureen Rita Danker

2.2.16 1991-2015 The Kristang under the 12th Kabesa: Valerie Tina Rodrigues

2.2.17 2015-present The Kristang under the 13th Kabesa: Kevin Martens Wong Zhi Qiang

2.2.18 2025-present The 0th Ka-Kabesa leadership heptad
2.3 Kristang future psychohistory through the Indigenous futures method of dreamfishing

2.3.1 Evidence-based future dreamfishing: Novokontrontu or Novikov consistency paradoxes
2.3.2 2027-2075 The Kristang under the 13th Kabesa: Kevin Martens Wong Zhi Qiang

2.3.3 2075-2077 The Kristang under the future 14th Kabesa: Benjamin Harris
2.3.4 2077-2087 The Kristang under the future 15th Kabesa: Nathaniel Jareth Nonis
2.3.5 2087-2091 The Kristang under the future 16th Kabesa: Jaasir Mahsom s/o Mazhardeen
2.3.6 2091-2103 The Kristang under the future 17th Kabesa: Kieran Andre Longue

2.3.7 2103-2116 The Kristang under the future 18th Kabesa: Diana Zuzartee-David
2.3.8 Beyond 2116 The far future Kabesa, Ka-Kabesa and Ka-Kabeliang of the Kristang people

 

Chapter 3: Phonology and Orthography

3.1 Phoneme inventory

3.2 Consonants

3.3 Vowels

3.4 Phonotactics

3.5 Stress

3.6 Register

3.7 Polynomic phonological variation

3.8 Grapheme inventory

3.9 Skeris (Kristang Jawi) alphabet

3.10 Base-16 graphemes

3.11 Base-12 graphemes

3.12 Polynomic orthographic variation

 

Chapter 4: Parts of Speech

4.1 Pronouns

        4.1.1 1st person yo and nus

        4.1.2 2nd person bos and bolotu

        4.1.3 3rd person eli and olotu

        4.1.4 4th person ela and eletu

        4.1.5 5th person ea and nutu

        4.1.6 6th person beles and bensutu

        4.1.7 7th person ili and osutu

        4.1.8 8th person vala and valatu

        4.1.9 9th person egu and nosos

        4.1.10 10th person bochi and bosos

        4.1.11 11th person veli and olosos

        4.1.12 12th person vela and veletu

        4.1.13 13th person nekru and nonos

        4.1.14 14th person baja and bonos

        4.1.15 15th person zeli and olonos

        4.1.16 16th person vaha and vahatu

4.2 Nouns

        4.2.1 Gender and gendered noun marking

4.3 Determiners

        4.3.1 Three-dimensional determiners and deictic markers

        4.3.2 Four-dimensional determiners and deictic markers

        4.3.3 Five-dimensional determiners and deictic markers

4.4 Polarity markers and truth states

        4.4.1 Affirmation / seng

        4.4.2 Negation / ngka

        4.4.3 Complexification / irang

        4.4.4 Prorogation / ugora

4.5 Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers

        4.5.1 Base-10 numbers

        4.5.2 Base-16 numbers

        4.5.3 Base-12 numbers

        4.5.4 Mathematical operations in Kristang

4.6 Verbs

        4.6.1 Verbal negation and irregular morphology

        4.6.2 Verbal complexification and irregular morphology

        4.6.3 Verbal prorogation and irregular morphology

        4.6.4 Modal verbs

4.7 Tense-Mood-Aspect Markers

        4.7.1 past ja

        4.7.2 future logu

        4.7.3 present ta

        4.7.4 beyond sta

        4.7.5 primordial za

        4.7.6 hereafter pogu

        4.7.7 current tra

        4.7.8 fated stra

        4.7.9 infernal cha

        4.7.10 celestial mogu

        4.7.11 purgatorial kra

        4.7.12 elysial dra

        4.7.13 colonised xa

        4.7.14 reindigenising hogu

        4.7.15 decolonising ha

        4.7.16 creolising va

4.8 Genitive markers

        4.8.1 sa

        4.8.2 di

4.9 Individuation-sentience marker kung

4.10 Adjectives and Adverbs

4.11 Prepositions

        4.10.1 Two-dimensional egocentric coordinate prepositions

        4.10.2 Three-dimensional egocentric coordinate prepositions

        4.10.3 Four-dimensional temporal egocentric coordinate prepositions

        4.10.4 Four-dimensional spatial egocentric coordinate prepositions

4.12 Conjunctions

4.13 Question words

        4.13.1 ki

        4.13.2 keng

        4.13.3 undi

        4.13.4 kiora

        4.13.5 klai

        4.13.6 kal

        4.13.7 kifoi

        4.13.8 kantora

        4.13.9 ke

        4.13.10 kantu

        4.13.11 undura

        4.13.12 klienggu

        4.13.13 kela-keletu

        4.13.14 kiamba

        4.13.15 kaiya

        4.13.16 dikeka, diskeka

4.14 Ideophones, interjections and exclamations

4.15 Reduplicated forms and morphology

4.16 Dreamfished English words supporting translation from Kristang to English

        4.16.1 Base-16 numbers in English

        4.16.2 Roda Mundansa historical epochs in English

 

Chapter 5: Syntax

5.1 Argument structure

        5.1.1 Individuated-sentient kung object marking

5.1.2 Intransitive verbs

        5.1.3 Transitive verbs

        5.1.4 Ditransitive verbs

        5.1.5 Tritransitive verbs

        5.1.6 Argument drop

5.2 sa constructions

        5.2.1 Deictic markers and determiners and sa

5.3 Non-verbal constructions

5.4 Imperative constructions

5.5 Serial verb constructions

5.6 Modal constructions

5.7 Constructions involving ideophones

5.8 Double negation

5.9 Adverbial clauses

5.10 Relative clauses

 

Chapter 6: Lexical Expansion and Regeneration

6.1 Kristang core values

6.2 Dreamfishing principles

6.3 Components of the dreamfishing process

6.4 Source languages

6.5 Word-formation processes

6.6 Encoding for mental health and well-being

 

Chapter 7: Uncertainty Thinking

7.1 Kristang ways of knowing

7.2 Organisation of the human psyche

7.3 Osura Pesuasang / Individuation Theory

7.4 Osura Spektala / Transfiguration Theory

7.5 Osura Elisia / Convivification Theory

7.6 Osura Samaserang / Resurrection Theory

 

Chapter 8: Sociolinguistics of Revitalisation
8.1 Overview of the Revitalisation(s) of Kristang: A history of (socio)linguistic antifragility

8.2 Overview of the Kodrah Kristang revitalisation initiative

8.3 The Revitalisation and Curriculum Plans
8.4 Kristang teaching materials used for revitalisation

8.5 Kristang teaching practice

8.6 The four core cities of the revitalised Kristang identity

8.6.1 Melaka

8.6.2 Singapore
8.6.3 Perth

8.6.4 Kuala Lumpur

8.6.5 The wider Kristang diaspora

8.7 Kristang language use and identity by generation in Kristang

            8.7.1 Mbeseres / Greatest Generation (1901-1927)
           8.7.2 Kaladeres / Silent Generation (1927-1945)

            8.7.3 Maskanzeres / Baby Boomers (1945-1964)
           8.7.4 Xelentedes / Generation X (1964-1980)

            8.7.5 Idaderes / Millennials (1981-1997)
           8.7.6 Zamyedes / Generation Z (1997-2013)

            8.7.7 Adransedes / Alphabet Generations (2013-2031)

            8.7.8 Future generations

8.8 Domains of use of Kristang

8.9 Polynomy in the revitalised Kristang

8.10 Registers in the revitalised Kristang

8.11 Neurodivergence in the revitalised Kristang

8.12 Gender and sexuality in the revitalised Kristang

8.13 Source languages contributing to the revitalised Kristang

 

Chapter 9: Resurrection Language

9.1 A Kristang theory of language

9.2 The Roda Mundansa

9.3 Contingency processes for future language revitalization from this grammar in case of future erasure

9.4 The Jarding Ireidra

9.5 The Sejarah Vivedra, Obsidian Declaration or Kristang Futures Declaration

9.6 The Loyal Indigenous of the Republic of Singapore

9.7 Krisamar Nova or New Sundaland

9.8 Conclusion

 

Appendix 1: Spacetime dimensions in Kristang

Appendix 2: Elements of the periodic table in Kristang

Appendix 3: S.I. units in Kristang

Appendix 4: Major astronomical and celestial bodies in Kristang

Appendix 5: Names of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations in Singapore in Kristang

Appendix 6: Grammatical terms and lexicographical metalanguage in Kristang

Appendix 7: Epochal and period names of the Roda Mundansa in Kristang and English

Appendix 8: Names of countries and territories in Kristang

qe paper title

A preliminary investigation of orthographic variation in Kristang:

Challenges, complexities and considerations

qe paper abstract

While the importance and relevance of both minority and indigenous language perspectives in mainstream Western linguistics and the study of language variation, as well as more broadly in academic research methods, has been much more frequently highlighted in recent years (e.g. Spoon 2014; Lee 2021; Hayward et al. 2021), relatively few studies have actually fully operationalised the opportunities such an acknowledgement now offers in terms of both more concretely including and working with such perspectives, and also expanding our understanding of how language itself functions and develops in diverse and understudied human populations. Additionally, in terms of positionality, relatively few studies of minority or indigenous languages appear to have incorporated a positionality that articulates their analysis from an emic/insider perspective, where the researcher investigating variation originates from the community itself. This study thus seeks to approximate a first filling of all of the aforementioned gaps, where it (i) investigates the relatively understudied phenomenon of how identity is indexed through polynomy or orthographic variation in the critically endangered creole/indigenous language Kristang, (2) does so from an emic/indigenous positionality, whereby the author is a native Kristang speaker themselves and the Kabesa or leader of the community in Singapore and Southeast Asia, and therefore (3) also offers creole and indigenous perspectives and considerations on the practice of quantitative documentation and analysis within the context of Western academia itself, and some of the unique challenges that such communities and their contexts offer the field of language variation.

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